Language Structure and Usage

1. Nouns & Pronouns

• Nouns: Words used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun). Nouns can be singular or plural, and can be subjects, objects, or complement in a sentence.
• Pronouns: Words used instead of a noun to avoid repetition of the noun. Pronouns include personal pronouns (e.g., he, they), possessive pronouns (e.g., his, their), reflexive pronouns (e.g., himself, themselves), and relative pronouns (e.g., who, which).

2. Gerund & Infinitive

• Gerund: A verb form that ends in -ing and functions as a noun in a sentence, e.g., "Swimming is fun."
• Infinitive: The base form of a verb, often preceded by "to," used as a noun, adjective, or adverb, e.g., "To swim is fun."
• Key Formula: Both gerunds and infinitives can be subjects, complements, or objects in a sentence, but some verbs require one or the other.

3. Adjectives & Adverbs

• Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns, e.g., "a beautiful day."
• Adverbs: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, typically expressing manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., e.g., "She runs quickly."
• Key Material: Adjectives answer questions like "Which?", "What kind?", and "How many?" Adverbs answer questions like "How?", "When?", "Where?", and "How much?"

4. Comparative and Superlative

• Comparative: Used to compare two things, typically formed by adding -er to shorter adjectives or using "more" with longer adjectives, e.g., "taller" or "more interesting."
• Superlative: Used to describe the highest degree of a quality among three or more things, typically formed by adding -est to shorter adjectives or using "most" with longer adjectives, e.g., "tallest" or "most interesting."
• Key Formula: Comparative – [Adjective+er/more + adjective] than, Superlative – [Adjective+est/most + adjective] in/of.

5. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Transitive Verbs: Verbs that require a direct object to complete their meaning, e.g., "She reads a book."
• Intransitive Verbs: Verbs that do not require a direct object, e.g., "He sleeps."
• Key Material: Understanding whether a verb is transitive or intransitive can affect sentence structure and grammatical correctness.

6. Conjunctions & Prepositions

• Conjunctions: Words used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause, e.g., "and," "but," "because."
• Prepositions: Words used to express relations of particles to each other and to other elements in the sentence, e.g., "in," "at," "by."
• Key Formula: Conjunctions link thoughts, while prepositions establish relationships in space or time.

Tipe Soal yg Berpotensi Muncul

(1) Child development refers to the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. (2) It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence yet having a unique course for every child. (3) It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding types of development. (4) Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. (5) Child care programs present a critical opportunity for the promotion of child development. (6) Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two. (7) It may also occur as a result of human nature and our ability to learn from our environment.

Vocabularry & Plain Practice with Flashcards

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